Union of Kalmar unites Sweden, Denmark, and Norway under a single Lithuania united with Poland, Lithuanian monarch converts to Christianity The Holy Roman Empire becomes an elected monarchy The Black Death, nearly a third of Europe’s population dies Nearly all Byzantine territory in Asia Minor has fallen to the Ottoman Turksīeginning of Italian Renaissance and Humanism Genoese sailors are visiting the Canary Islands Genoese sailors begin exploring the Atlantic Ocean Last Crusader territory in the Levant falls to Mamluk Egypt The Seventh Crusade, France’s King Louis IX defeated by Egypt, Kingdom of Jerusalem is re-established, but Jerusalem remains inįrance’s Capetian kings extend the control of lands directly ruled by theĬrusaders sack Constantinople, break-up of the Byzantine EmpireĪlmohad Caliphate defeated by Spanish Christian kingdoms at the Battle of Las Navas de TolosaĪ treaty between Frederick II and Egyptian sultan al-Kamil returns Jerusalem to Christian rule The Third Crusade, a rump (remnant of a larger government) Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem defeated by Saladin at the Battle of Hattin, fall of Jerusalem, Pope Gregory VIII issues Audita tremendi, calling the Third Crusade Raymond is archbishop of Toledo, begins sponsoring the translation of Muslim and Greek philosophy from Arabic into LatinĮmperor Manuel Komnenos rules the Byzantine Empireįrederick Barbarossa defeated by Lombard League at the Battle of Legnano Manuel Komnenos defeated by Saljuq Turks at the Battle of Myriokephalon Norman conquest of Muslim Sicily completeĬouncil of Clermont, calling of the First Crusadeįall of Jerusalem to Christian Crusaders, establishment of Crusader StatesĮmperor John II rules the Byzantine Empire Henry IV repents to Pope Gregory VII at Canossaįall of Muslim Toledo to the Christian kingdom of Leon-Castileįoundation of Universities of Bologna, Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge Schism between the pope and the patriarch of Constantinopleīattle of Manzikert annihilates Byzantine field army Pope Leo IX begins papal efforts at Church reform
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